I Am Purely Amazed By The Astonishing Personal Revolution By Which A S

I am purely amazed by the astonishing personal revolution by which a simple inarticulate man transformed himself into the Mahatma, who ushered the British Empire out of India without even firing a shot. In the age of Empire and Military might he proved that the powerless had power and that force of arms would never prevail against force of spirit. Based on all this, Mahatma Gandhi surely deserved an award, which spoke of his efforts, his fight for freedom and justice and all his other contributions to this world. This award could be given to a few other people also who have been great reformers. It could be given to one who is a reformer, who has fought for the rights of the people, one who has fought against all the injustice, malpractices of this world, for the oppressed people. One who does not use his status, power and military to reform the world but his own might and that force of spirit to make this place a better world. One who displays the courage and conviction to stand for his beliefs. In short, he/she could be called the guiding light for peace in this world. Gandhi's concept of nonviolent resistance liberated one nation and sped the end of colonial empires around the world. His marches and fasts fired the imagination of oppressed people everywhere. Millions sought freedom and justice under Mahatma's guiding light. He proclaimed the power of love, peace and freedom. He fought for the rights of the Indians, for their freedom from the British. His principles surely made a difference in this world. In spite of being treated rudely and paying all sorts of penalties, he was never deterred. Many people, organizations and awards have already acknowledged Gandhi for his efforts. Recently he was rated the runner up Person of the Century second only to the great scientist Albert Einstein who had himself said that " the future generations will scarcely believe that such a man in flesh and blood, had tread this earth." in reference to Mahatma Gandhi. The British Broadcasting Corporation also voted him as the Man of the Millennium. Gandhi is a great man held in universal esteem, a figure lifted from history to moral icon. I would want to show my respect and reverence for him and also want to express that his efforts have not gone in vain and today even the children who are the future generation of this world remember and respect his work. I would like to call this award the "Life and Leaders" award. It would be given to a living or a dead person every year. I would first like to honor the so-called Father of the nation by the Indians, Mahatma Gandhi, by this award.

Homelessness Essays - Homelessness In The United States, Free Essays

Homelessness Essays - Homelessness In The United States, Free Essays Homelessness The Stewart McKinney Act of 1987 defines a homeless person as Aone who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence, or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel or any public or private place not designated as sleeping accommodations for human [emailprotected] (583). Included in the homeless population are people who stay with friends or family for a short period of time and then decide to find shelter on the streets because of conflict with the people whom they are staying with, or because of personal pride. In the early 1980=s homelessness was determined to be a major problem in the United States. These years saw a steep rise in the number of homeless, due to poor economy and diminishing financial help for housing and income. The homeless consist of all types, races, and ages of people. A large portion of the homeless population consists of men but the number of women and children living on the streets is on the rise. Current statistics show that women and children now make up around forty percent of the homeless population. According to John J. Macionis one-third of homeless people abuse drugs and one-fourth are mentally ill. The current homeless population is mostly non-white and has an average age of the middle thirties. Veterans make up about one-third of the total number of homeless men. The homeless all suffer from absolute poverty. As stated in 1995 by the United States government, 36 million people or 13.8% of the population was poor. The government defines a family of four as being poor if they generate a yearly income of $15,569 or less, although the average improvised family=s income was only around $10,000 in 1995. The Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics states, the average annual income of the homeless in Chicago was $1198 in 1996 (584). APerhaps we should not be surprised that one percent of our population, for one reason or another is unable to cope with our complex and highly competitive [emailprotected] (Macionis 183) According to the Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics homelessness in America has several causes. One such cause is the competitiveness of the business market. Companies are no longer as loyal to their employees as they used to be. Many corporations now use overseas laborers. Also, a diminishing amount of low-skill jobs, due to industrialization has increased the chances of low-skilled workers finding employment. The Chicago coalition for the homeless states that a person must be employed full time and earn more than $8.29 per hour in order to exceed the federal poverty level for a family of four. According to the 1997 census report 2.3 million people worked full time but were still below the poverty line (5). Another reason for the increased number of homeless is the lack of affordable housing, especially in urban areas. The Chicago Coalition for the Homeless reports that, nationally, 10.5 million low income renters compete for 6.1 million rental units that are within their price range, leaving 4.4 million without affordable housing (3). Many low-income areas are being bought out by wealthy entrepreneurs who remodel and restore them and restore them and sell them for a large profit. The mainstreaming of institutionalized mental patients is another reason for homelessness. According to Microsoft Encarta nationally 20-25% of the homeless population suffers from some sort of major mental illness (2). These people are less likely to be able to obtain support such as treatment, case management and the help that is necessary to find and maintain permanent housing. The most recent cause of homelessness in the United States is the Afeminization of [emailprotected] Because of the high expense of child care and the increasing numbers of single mothers, the number of homeless women and children is on the rise. According to Stacey Chambers the rise in the number of homeless women is partially due to domestic violence. In an interview of homeless mothers ninety-two percent had been assaulted at one time in their lives. More than half had suffered from bouts of major depression inther lives whereas only twenty percent of the United States female population had suffered from similar depression (2). Despite these facts and statistics, little else is known about these people. Most sociological surveys are conducted by phone or

World War 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War 2 - Essay Example To ensure that there was improvement of the social economy of the US, there had to be personal sacrifice. The personal sacrifice would be realized through payment of higher taxes funds. Also for sustainable development, the globe should have been founded upon vital freedoms of humans. The first of the four freedoms was that of expression and speech, freedom of worship, freedom from fear and freedom from want. According to this essay, a society that is good should have been in a position to face global domination schemes as well as foreign revolutions with no fear portrayed. The order of the world being sought as per the essay is that of cooperation as far as free nations was concerned, working as a friendly unit and as a society displaying civilization. (The ordeal of world war II, pp 228-230) The second essay is essay number five about a Japanese American reminiscing the impact of internment upon the unity of Family in 1942. As per the essay in 1942, the department of war took change of camps in entirety. Afterwards, machines of sewing were brought into the barracks and these barracks became transformed into a factory of clothing. Because of the bad conditions in the kitchens food got most of the soldiers sick with diseases like typhoid and other stomach ailments. The essay also says that the conditions of toilets were deplorable, that inside them, the floors were covered with human excrement and blocked bowls. All the toilet blocks were housed in similarly designed building blocks. Inside the toilet blocks, they were built in a similar type of design in ten camps. These camps ran from the California area all the way to Arkansas. Each block was a room that was totally open, built on a slab of concrete. Sinks were usually a metal trough that was long, put against a single wall and a spigots’ row with both hot as well as cold water. In the center of a room were a dozen toilet bowls arranged in pairs of six and these were

Book Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Questions - Essay Example The implication is that the world’s beautiful, precious and beautiful biodiversity get destroyed virtually every 20 minute. Since the trend of consumerism and therefore energy use is ever on the increase, biodiversity preservation measures must be taken to protect potential loss and extinction. Preservation of biodiversity, according to Friedman, is a duty that calls for multi-sectoral and multi-party approach, involving nations, corporations and individuals. World nations, led by the US have got a duty to reduce the use of carbon based fuels. In particular, they should construct an entirely new system of fuels that is clean, in the sense that they have no or little carbon emission, such as wind, solar and nuclear energy. These should be supplied to homes. The corporations have a duty to put measures calculated to minimize the use of carbon-based fuels, ensure efficient systems that do not blow much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Individuals should also operate under minimu m energy use along reverting to environment friendly energy sources. Other than the loss of biodiversity, hot, flat and crowded world raise other ethical issues. ... In the long run, their (petrodicataors) pockets are unjustly enriched. Secondly, the energy crisis that characterizes the hot, flat and crowded eventually leads to wider gap between the rich (energy haves) and the poor (energy have nots) as the poor have their operations and daily life grounded due to escalated costs and energy scarcity. Finally, hot, flat and crowded world also disrupts sustainability of the environment for the future generation. As various corporations use carbon fuels, they emit more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thereby raising the global temperature to greater heights. It means that the future generations will find the environment generally hostile for their living. And we are opening an ever wider gap between the energy haves and the energy have-nots, those who cannot take part in the â€Å"flat† world because they cannot switch on a light bulb, let alone a laptop. Friedman makes various arguments and suggestions to emphasize the importance of regu lation in reducing USA’s oil dependency. Freidman asserts that green-revolutionary regulations will be of essential to catalyze funding and development of petroleum free energy sources, such as wind, nuclear and solar. By adopting heavy carbon taxation or ensuring higher taxation of petroleum products, corporation that are responsible for heavy carbon emission will strive to revert to less carbon fuels. Individuals will also minimize energy use as they revert to using environment friendly fuels. Regulation would ensure that such desirable energy uses are fairly priced and affordable to many. Friedman’s suggestion is important considering that there are so many individuals who consume energy and if everyone was to cut-down energy use or lean much towards using

Descriptive Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descriptive Ethnography - Essay Example The Hispanics as demonstrated by the young Hispanic female emphasize on respect on all their forms of communication and rarely initiate conversations since they prefer to be approached. Mostly, the Hispanics interpret eye contact as a more confrontational body language and further considers that being ignored is as a sign of disrespect and offensive. The Hispanics do avoid too much gesturing and insist on maintaining an accepting attitude. The Hispanics are never contented with some questions such as questions concerning immigration status and religion and are seen to be very expressive in communication. Majority of Hispanics are Roman Catholic which acts as the main source for both information and are also known to be people who are very proud of their heritage hence do not forget their origin (Roll & Irwin, 2008). A young Hispanic female around 19-20 talks on her cell phone while walking towards the cafeteria and is wearing a red jacket with SF 49’ers logo in the back. She m ust be a 49’ers fan or maybe because of the hotness of the 49’ers hence suggesting her love for hot things. The Hispanic girl wears big round gold earrings and has her nails painted red and well kept. She loves herself so much and adores elegance and fashion as the Hispanic culture explains. She looks fashionable and elegance as she puts her black backpack on her left shoulder. The backpack looks empty hence suggesting her love for stylishness. She wears blue jeans that look like the fancy type due to its washed out color and a logo. that is not recognizable. Her full tan purse on her right shoulder looks fuller than her backpack may be to show her adoption to the current trends and fashion of carrying purse. The purse may be carrying her make ups that ensure she looks beautiful all the time and anywhere. She walks so fast but she is not in a hurry maybe because of her fear for eyes and the fact that Hispanic culture does not recognize much the female gender. She must be hurrying to get away from the possible onlookers or admirers who may get a glimpse of her. She wears a smile on her face with her head rocking front and back perhaps to gain confidence. She does not seem to be having enough confidence especially when she is amidst many people. She does not seem to care about what happens around her as she hurriedly disappears into the cafeteria without looking sideways (Roll & Irwin, 2008). The patterns of communication amongst the African Americans are mostly familiar with Anglo American patterns. The African Americans are largely affected by the past incidents of racism and sense of subjection in their interactions thus making them show respect at all times while communicating. This group of people believe in a prolonged eye contact which is always seen as confrontational or aggressive and would mostly seek assistance from the religious leaders if need arose (Pinn, Finley & Alexander, 2009). The African Americans do not address people by their first names which are construed as lack of respect but may use the first names if they are urged to do so. This group of pe

Life In The Information Age

Life In The Information Age I am going to write about how ICT has changed the way people live over the years. I am going to write about the difference it has made using different sections such as: Education: you can now learn online. For example the University of Phoenix offers an online service where you can obtain a degree qualification while learning online. Entertainment: you can view the latest video content or listen to any type of music on the net. Banking and shopping: you can now shop online without moving from your home. Decision making: Websites on the internet have influenced some decisions people make. This may also include discussions on the internet. Crime and Crime prevention: Computers have databases that contain loads of information about people and present or past convictions they have had. I am going to write about how ICT has changed education amongst students Education I am going to write about how the use of ICT has changed the way people educate themselves. There are many websites where people of all age groups can access information and revision notes about subjects they are studying. A very popular site that boasts many revision notes and features many quizzes to test your knowledge of the subjects you are studying is the BBC website. www.BBC.com. The internet is not the only tool people use to educate themselves since ICT has been around. People also use the generic tools of the computer such as spreadsheets, word processors and many other generic tools. People use these tools to create essays and databases. These are basic skills to be learnt by all students in education. This is why ICT has taken such a huge part in the education of most students. Most jobs now require people with basic ICT skills. ICT has not only affected education but has become a way of life for some people. There are now interactive whiteboards that are used in school. In stead of the old classic whiteboards these are connected to a laptop or pc and the screen displayed on the pc is then displayed on a huge whiteboard. You can then use the white board and pc along with other installed applications and write on it how you would on a normal white board. The new interactive white boards are like the normal white boards but with a touch screen type of technology that lets you write on it and edit it in any way you want. I think the interactive whiteboards have helped teachers educate children and have gone a long way when considering ICT amongst education. When it comes to using ICT in education there can be many advantages and disadvantages. Whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages you can decide for yourself after reading some of the information below. The advantages of using ICT within education: You can learn new skills You can access unlimited amount of research Increases confidence as use of ICT gets better Regular use and experience of ICT outside the classroom Easier to control a class room Easier to help with planning lessons and assisting children Could possibly make lessons more fun Enhances future career opportunities The disadvantages of using ICT within education: Difficulties in using hardware Difficulties in using the basic computer Needs lots of technical support Very expensive Expensive to use regularly Could possibly make lessons less fun Can take a very long time to load and use which reduces lesson time This is a graph of the most frequently used type of ICT in a secondary school. This is a pie chart showing where ICT is used most in schools. As you can see secondary schools use ICT more than anyone else. This pie chart was created in 1999 so it may be slightly different as it is not up to date. I personally think a lot more people now use a higher rate of ICT in sixth form. This pie chart and the graph above came from the website: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00001304.htm Interview on how ICT has affected education How long have you been teaching ICT and to what age group do you teach it? Have you found that ICT has made teaching easier? Could you imagine teaching without the use of ICT? How do you think ICT will progress within the next ten years? Do you feel that providing internet to students in schools could be potentially dangerous? In conclusion I think ICT has had a very high impact on education within any age group and has helped most teachers educate children. It does have its disadvantages but overall I feel that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and ICT has had a very high impact on education amongst most students. Now I am going to write about how ICT has changed the entertainment industry Entertainment I am going to write about how ICT has changed the entertainment industry. You can now access an unlimited amount of videos or music files along with many other types of entertainment on the internet. The internet allows you to download files but the tools on the actual computer such as the windows media player is what actually allows you to play the files. Nearly every search engine on the internet (yahoo, AltaVista) now has a section titled video. Clicking on this section allows you to watch many types of videos on the internet. All you have to do is enter a few keywords about the types of video you would like to watch. Below is a screenshot of Yahoo video. Video is not the only type of entertainment online. On the web you now also have access to an unlimited amount of mp3 or music files. There are many sites where you can listen to music and there are many sites where you can download mp3 files off the internet. A site where you can listen to any type of music is www.singingfish.com. A very popular site where you can download any type of song you want is www.napster.com Napster offers customers a huge variety of old and new songs at a fixed monthly price. Once you have subscribed and paid you can then just download the music files to your own computer and use them any way you like. ICT has not only affected entertainment in the form of mp3 files and videos. You can now view some of the most recent television programmes on the internet. You can even catch the first episode of a new and upcoming series on the internet before it is even shown on national television. ICT has affected the way people entertain themselves in both positive and negative ways. You can now download search engines on to your computer such as kazaa or lime wire which allows you to illegally download files which you do not have to pay for. These sites are causing a huge problem to other sites such as Napster because they offer music downloads completely free but they are illegal. People that are caught downloading from these search engines can be prosecuted severely. This is what causes ICT to become a huge disadvantage when it comes to entertainment in the form of downloading media off the internet. You can use kazaa and lime wire to download files straight to your main CPU and save them and use them in any way you like. This will also put the IPOD companies out of business because instead off paying to download files to transfer them onto your IPOD you can just simply download them files for free off lime wire. As a whole ICT has changed the way people entertain themselves dramatically. Years ago if a person wanted to read a book they would attend the library and get a book from there. If you would like to read a book now you can simply read an e-book of the internet which is like a type of electrical book that you can read off the internet. This has also caused a disadvantage as there is now a huge decline in the use of library facilities. The guardian online has recorded that form the year 2001 to 2003 they have lost 10,000 users of the Dunbar library. Their main losses are students that have now turned to ICT to research about their subjects instead of using the library like they use to. Libraries have tried to counteract against this by placing computers within the libraries. Over all ICT has advantages and disadvantages when being used for entertainment. IT plays a huge factor in many peoples social life as they now use the computer for many tasks such as listening to music or watching videos. This can be thought of as a positive way of using ICT but for the companies out there trying to sell music and videos or the libraries out there trying to pull in students so they can research there, ICT has affected them in a negative way. Now I am going to write about how ICT has affected shopping and banking. Shopping and Banking ICT has severely affected how people shop and use their banks. You can now literally buy everything and anything online. All the huge supermarkets such as Tesco and ASDA all now have an online site where you can purchase all of their products. Below is a screenshot of the homepage of ASDA online shopping When you are surfing the ASDA website you will find that there are a whole range of products similar to the ones you will actually find in the actual ASDA supermarket. There are also special offers available to the customer when shopping online which are not normally offered when Not only has ICT has affected the way you shop it has also affected the way you handle your money within banks. You can now check your bank details on the internet. Below is the Barclays website You have a number of different options to choose from. You can check your bank account balance or even create a portfolio with all your personal banking details. So instead of attending the bank like you would normally you can now do nearly everything from the comfort of your own home. Online banking and shopping is to be done at your own risk. There are various risks you are taking when making these transactions online. www.BBC.com explains how there is a new virus that can capture peoples details when they are making a transaction online. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Bugbear computer virus which has left transactions and passwords potentially open to hacking is the latest scandal to hit the internet.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This was taken from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2299853.stm Online banking and shopping has many advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of shopping online are: You do not have to move from the comfort of your own home Shopping is delivered and is hassle free You can shop at on any day and at any time you like There are sometimes special offers that are only available on the internet site and not the actual shop. The disadvantages of shopping online are: Items ordered may not be correct Items might not be delivered on time Incorrect fee may be charged for the product Fraudulent people or companies can capture your details and misuse them The advantages of banking online are: You do not have to move from the comfort of your own home You can use the service anytime you like There are special offers available such as a higher interest rate when opening a new account online The disadvantages of banking online are: Fraudulent people or companies can capture your details and misuse them Your privacy may be disrupted and people may be able to read your bank details Over all shopping and banking online does have its advantages and disadvantages, whether people choose to use this service is up to them. I personally feel that shopping and banking online are too much hassle for me and the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Now I am going to write about the way ICT has changed crime and helped prevent crime Crime and crime prevention This is another topic where ICT has helped in a huge way. The government now have many systems up and running that allow them to constantly see what is going on around them. Most of these systems are controlled and operated using ICT. The most popular type of security system that the government use is called CCTV. CCTV stands for close circuit television. There are many uses for CCTV: Monitoring traffic from a bridge A temporary system to carry out a traffic survey in a town centre Hidden in buses to control vandalism Hidden in shops to prevent theft or violence Hidden within banks to stop fraud or theft Personal security within your own home The list is almost endless but as you can see has a huge impact on nearly everything in everyday life. The camera records the footage while the monitor displays it. Some systems can record what has happened previously and play it back for future reference.

Classicism and Romanticism :: Literature Literary

Classicism and Romanticism    Toward the end of the eiteenth-century, Romanticism emerged as a response to Classicism. Even though this change was gradual, it transformed everything from art and philosophy to education and science. While the Classicsts thought of the world as having a rigid and stern structure, the romanticists thought of the world as a place to express their ideas and believes. The Romaniticists and Classicsts differed in their views of the relationship between an individual and society, their views of nature and the relationship between reason and imagination.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classicists and Romanticists differed in their views of nature. Classicism was based on the idea that nature and human nature could be understood by reason and thought. Classicist believed that â€Å"nature was, a self-contained machine, like a watch, whose laws of operation could be rationally understood.†(text,199)   On the other hand, Romanticists viewed nature as mysterious and ever changing. As William Cullen Bryant states that nature â€Å";speaks a various language.† (text, 123)   Romantic writes believed that nature is an ever changing living organism, whose laws we will never fully understand.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classicist and Romanticists also differed on their approches towards reason and imagination. Classicism attached much more importance to reason than imagination because imagination could not be explained by their laws. To them, â€Å";the imagination, though essential to literature, had to be restrained by reason and common sense.†; (text, 119) The Romanticists, however, emphasized that reason was not the only path to truth. â€Å";Instead, Romantic writers emphasized intuition, that inner perception of truth which is independent of reason.†; (text, 122) To the Romantic writers, imagination was ultimately superior to reason.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet another area of difference between Classicits and Romanticsts whether they placed greater importance on tradition or whether they chose to innovate. Classicists thought that it was literature’s function to show the everyday values of humanity and the laws of human existence. Classicism and Romanticism :: Literature Literary Classicism and Romanticism    Toward the end of the eiteenth-century, Romanticism emerged as a response to Classicism. Even though this change was gradual, it transformed everything from art and philosophy to education and science. While the Classicsts thought of the world as having a rigid and stern structure, the romanticists thought of the world as a place to express their ideas and believes. The Romaniticists and Classicsts differed in their views of the relationship between an individual and society, their views of nature and the relationship between reason and imagination.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classicists and Romanticists differed in their views of nature. Classicism was based on the idea that nature and human nature could be understood by reason and thought. Classicist believed that â€Å"nature was, a self-contained machine, like a watch, whose laws of operation could be rationally understood.†(text,199)   On the other hand, Romanticists viewed nature as mysterious and ever changing. As William Cullen Bryant states that nature â€Å";speaks a various language.† (text, 123)   Romantic writes believed that nature is an ever changing living organism, whose laws we will never fully understand.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classicist and Romanticists also differed on their approches towards reason and imagination. Classicism attached much more importance to reason than imagination because imagination could not be explained by their laws. To them, â€Å";the imagination, though essential to literature, had to be restrained by reason and common sense.†; (text, 119) The Romanticists, however, emphasized that reason was not the only path to truth. â€Å";Instead, Romantic writers emphasized intuition, that inner perception of truth which is independent of reason.†; (text, 122) To the Romantic writers, imagination was ultimately superior to reason.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet another area of difference between Classicits and Romanticsts whether they placed greater importance on tradition or whether they chose to innovate. Classicists thought that it was literature’s function to show the everyday values of humanity and the laws of human existence.

Benjamin Franklin Compared to Jonathan Edwards

Kendra Hughes Professor Machann English 2327 March 24, 2010 Errata in the Hands of an Un-Angry God: A Comparison of Edwards and Franklin Oberg and Stout put it best in the introduction of their book Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, and the Representation of American Culture, â€Å"It is difficult, if not impossible to, think of two more widely studied colonial figures than Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards. As Franklin and Edwards have been studied individually over generations, so also have they been looked at together† (Oberg and Stout 3). Through their influential writing and critical evaluations of how to improve oneself, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin both encompass American themes that ultimately define them as part of American literature. While living in different times and writing for different reasons they share the common themes of self-improvement, the setting and accomplishment of goals, and the importance of cohesion of society. By studying Edwards’ â€Å"Personal Narrative†, â€Å"Resolutions†, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†, and excerpts from Benjamin Franklin’s â€Å"Autobiography†, found in Norton’s Anthology of American Literature, edited by Nina Baym, their distinct individual ideas, and these shared fundamental themes of American literature can be seen. Their personal narratives show how their environment impacted them to better themselves. Jonathan Edwards’ â€Å"Personal Narrative† portrays his progress towards a more close relationship with God. His family was followers of the Congregationalist Church, and from early childhood, he followed a Christian life† (Edwards 385). Edwards’ autobiography, â€Å"Personal Narrative†, begins with him saying, â€Å"I had a variety of concerns and exercise about my soul from my childhood; but had two more remarkable seasons of awakening, before I met with that change, by which I was brought to those new dispositions, and that new sense of things, that I have had† (Edwards 386). Edward completes a sojourn that brings him closer to God. This discovery helped him in his evaluation of what it took to become a better Christian in God’s eyes. On the other hand however, Benjamin Franklin less closely adhered to his family’s Christian beliefs. As a Deist, Franklin believed that there was a â€Å"Supreme Being† and that it is ones own chore to discover reality through reason. In his autobiography, he reveals a few instances that altered his way of life. Case in point, he had qualms about not further pursing his relationship with Miss Read when he left for England. Franklin calls these wrong doings or regrets â€Å"Errata† (Franklin 473). The spirituality of Edwards and Franklin, although different, and very distinctive, their works resonate their exposure and the impact it had on their personal improvement and growth. Also, as a Deist, Franklin believed he determined his inevitability by his own accord. This encouraged him to set and accomplish goals to achieve what he desired in life. His autobiography portrays his faults and his accomplishments. This lack of modesty in revealing his errata is targeted towards his assembly, the American man, with hopes of prompting them to augment themselves and progress upon their deficiencies. Franklin rallied for the reformation of the American man through self-evaluation and correction. On the contrary, Edwards believed that it was God’s divine will of which men were the selected few who could entered into heaven after life. Edwards focused his writings towards Christians more so than just purely Americans. His goal was to prepare Christians to become these select individuals that gained entrance into heaven. Christians under Edwards felt responsible to live better lives and to set examples for the congregation and the community. As Christian individuals, just as Franklin’s Americans, they continually believed that one must examine and self-asses their place in life, the church, and the community. In the book Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Michael T. Gilmore, Gilmore writes in the introduction, â€Å"The Puritans in their minds the Bible was the book of history, and typology revealed the developmental pattern of everyday events by finding correspondences between the Old and New Testaments† (Gilmore 2). Edwards consistently leads his life adhering to the bible. He believed like Winthrop, that his community needed to prepare and become ‘a city upon a hill’ † (Gilmore 2). In â€Å"Resolutions† Edwards’ self-reflection and goals can be seen. He constantly tries to improve himself and his congregation so that they can achieve God’s envisage of a new homeland in New England. Edwards’ primary commitment was to underst and the Bible and to abide by it to live life to the fullest. Edwards aspired to better himself and set a precedent for his congregation and his Christian community. Franklin, like Edwards, also seeks these goals and achievements as and individual and for the American man. In Soundings: Some Early American Writers, Lewis Leary writes, â€Å"Franklin was the true American †¦he constantly redefines himself†¦none better represented the simple, noble men†¦who lived close to nature faithful to her laws uncontaminated by artificialities of court or town† (Leary 9,11). Franklin provides his audience with virtues to adhere to when trying to set goals to improve themselves. Franklin explains, â€Å"no one can change overnight and one must work on one vice until successively conquered, such as chastity, everyman can find self-improvement and further contribute to their community† (Franklin 487). Franklin’s determination to overcome vices enabled him to become closer to virtuosity, and hopefully in the end encourage his community to do the same. Similarly, Edward’s efforts to overcome his sins enabled him to become closer to God and to set an example for his congregation. Both men documented the progress of their goals to follow their self-defined resolutions and both men hoped their comrades would adhere to the same principles. They desired to be influential and catch attention and esteem from their community by showcasing their sacrifices. Along with self-improvement and setting of goals Edwards’ and Franklin’s writings reflect the importance of cohesion as a society. While Edwards urges his congregation of the need to seek salvation and bind together during a time when America was redefining religion, Franklin, through his writing encourages society to move closer together after the Revolutionary War. In, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† Edwards reciprocates with ferocity and anger to his congregation when faced with â€Å"The Great Awakening. † In the sermon to his congregation Edwards’ objective is to rationalize with the countless that are doomed to damnation and not saved. He preaches, â€Å"Now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has thrown the door of mercy wide open† (Edwards 435). Edwards begs for the cohesion of his congregational community in effort to defeat the influences of uncertified preachers and the impendence of damnation. Ursula Brumm explains in her essay â€Å"Jonathan Edwards and Typology,† In Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays, â€Å" Edwards took part heart and soul in the events of the Great Awakening He regarded this movement with overwhelming expectations in the belief that it marked the beginning of a new millennium† (Brumm 71). Edwards felt â€Å"The Great Awakening† was a test from God, that Satan was causing these events, and that by force through his sermons he could hold his congregation together and pass this test from God to see who was faithful. Being much less forceful in his path, Franklin simply attempted to coax others to follow his path to become more patriotic. Franklin delves into the concept of how man can be made into a good citizen by following his list of virtues. He says, â€Å"It’s every one’s interest to be virtuous, who wish’d to be happy even in this world† (Franklin 495). Franklin’s goal is, â€Å"to show men that his autobiography and literature alike can help oneself to analyze and correct their own errors† (Leary 15). Franklin’s autobiography is defined by the case of â€Å"rags to riches† and has become a commonly used theme by many American writers. In the book Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Walker Howe, Howe further explains the evolution of the self made man, â€Å"Edwards and Franklin agreed in their assessment of human nature and the difficulties put in the way of a virtuous life. The origins of the model of human nature that Edwards and Franklin shared with so many others, led to the cult of the self made man† (Howe 2). During the period after the recently acquired American independence, the nation attempted to define the representative citizen. Climbing from the lower class â€Å"rags† to the upper class â€Å"riches† Franklin achieved true success, set an example of the model citizen and influenced many fellow Americans during this time of need. Edwards and Franklin were both avant-gardes to their societies when people most yearned for an exemplary to live their lives by. Although so different Edwards and Franklin both were able to adhere to the American themes of self-improvement, setting and achieving goals, and coming together as a community. Through their erpetual self-appraisal, self-advancement, disclosure of their personal narratives, and their acknowledgment of a need to unite the community as one, they were able to produce the model of the American, Christian man, and epitomize American Literature through their works. Works Cited Brumm, Ursula. â€Å"Jonathan Edwards and Typology. † Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Michael T. Gilmore. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, I nc. , 1980. Pg 71. Edwards, Jonathan. â€Å"Jonathan Edwards’ Resolutions and Advice to Young Converts. † Ed. Stephen J. Nichols. New York: P&R Publishing, 2001. Edwards, Jonathan. â€Å"Personal Narrative. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th Ed. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007. Pg 385-396. Edwards, Jonathan. â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th Ed. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007. Pg 425-436 Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"The Autobiography. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th Ed. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007. Pg 472-517. Works Cited Continued Howe, Daniel Walker, ed. Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pg 2. Gilmore, Michael T. , ed. Early American Literature: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1980. Pg 2. Leary, Lewis. Soundings: Some Early American Writers. Athens: University Of Georgia Press, 1975. Pg 9-15. Oberg, Barbara B. , and Stout, Harry S. , eds. Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, and the Representation of American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Pg 3.

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