Patient Presenting with Diarrhea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patient Presenting with Diarrhea - Essay Example Appearance of blood in the diarrheal stool is the main risk factor in a patient of inflammatory bowel disease as the mucosal membrane is ulcerated. According to the patent there are nocturnal bowel movements which are almost never seen in irritable bowel syndrome. Recent smoking cessation could also be an additional risk factor as cigarette is supposed to protect the mucosal membrane against ulcers. The patient has been using NSAIDs (ibuprofen) recently and the prolong use of these drugs usually causes ulcers. The patient also has a family history of ulcers which makes her genetically predisposed to the disease. On physical examination, the patient appeared slim; signs of weight loss were prominent. The oral mucosa was dry. The heart rate was increased. There was also mild tenderness in the abdomen. All the signs of inflammatory disease, including fever, were present. Patients presenting with chronic diarrhea are usually suggested for flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Endoscopy is performed when these non-invasive procedures fail to give a positive result and the patient still presents with the signs of inflammation. Endoscopy has some advantage over these procedures in a way that it does not only give a complete internal view of the organ but also allows the physician to collect samples for biopsy. Colitis is graded from mild to moderate and severe on the extent of the damage to the mucosal membrane. If on endoscopic examination the loss of mucosal integrity is not so severe the colitis is termed as mild or moderate. In contrast, patients presenting with sudden onset of signs and symptoms with a greater loss of the mucosa, the disease is termed as severe colitis. Flexible sigmoidoscopy although an efficient procedure, still requires colonoscopy to be done to rule out any false positive results. Physical examination showed dehydration which is confirmed by the electrolyte imbalance shown in the reports.

The Cold War in the 1960s Essay Example for Free

The Cold War in the 1960s Essay LBJ and the Escalation of the War * Credibility * Feb 1965: air strikes started * July 1965: ground troops * Why there was no military victory in Vietnam? * The strength of the enemy * The weakness of the South Vietnamese Government * Guerilla war in Vietnam * Limited war in Vietnam * Search-and-destroy vs. clear-and-hold * The media * A Multitude of Movements Student Rebellions, The New Left, and the counter cultural movement * SDS (1960) and its goals * 1964 UC Berkeley and student rebellion * Cultural radicals: the hippies * The Rise of Feminism * Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique * 1968: the year of upheaval * January: the Tet Offensive and the credibility gap * March: LBJ would not run again for president * April: MLK assassinated * June: Bobby Kennedy assassinated * August: the Democratic National Convention at Chicago became a street fight * Hubert H. Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, Nixon, and the 1968 election * The challenge from George Wallace Troubles all around the world * NIXON, KISSINGER amp; DETENTE * Nixon, Henry Kissinger and geo-politics * Sino-Soviet split and the triangular diplomacy * Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I (SALT I) * Nixon’s war in Vietnam * June 1971, Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers * Paris Peace Treaty (1973) * The fall of Saigon (1975) * The Nixon Doctrine * Detente and the limit of US Power.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter- In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, the letter "A" changes it's meaning many different times. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live. The letter "A" begins as a symbol of sin. It then becomes a symbol of her ability to do and help things, and finally it becomes a symbol of her respect for herself. The letter "A," worn on Hester's bodice, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. "Here, she said to herself, had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment . . ." (84) Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it. She committed this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits it because, though she is ashamed, she also received her greatest treasure, Pearl, out of it. She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Many would have fled Boston, and sought a place where no one knew of her great sin. Hester chose to stay though, which showed a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town which despised her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a "devil child," either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman. The second meaning that the letter "A" took was "able." The townspeople who once condemned her now believed her scarlet "A" to stand for her ability to create her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in her- so much power to do and power to sympathize- that many people refused to interpret the scarlet 'A' by its original signification." (156) At this point, a lot of the townspeople realized what a high quality character Hester possessed. "Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester- the town's own Hester- who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!" (157) The townspeople soon began to believe that the badge served to ward off

Performance Management Plan Essay

In order for Landslide Limousine Service to have success in their business, strategic performance is necessary within the framework of management. The business should be successful if the performance management plan aligns completely with the business strategy. Mr. Stonefield has identified the course in which he plans to take his business and has identified his expectations. To help the company define the skills needed by its workers it must have a strong organizational philosophy as well as a strong job analysis. It is important for Landslide Limousine Service to establish a method of identifying and measuring employees skills, skill gaps, and establishing ways to provide feedback to its employees. Atwood & Allen Consulting will be administering and providing this vital information for the success and performance enhancement of Landslide Limousine Service. The performance management plan will ensure business success with no lost revenue, and income stability, and within target. Framework for business strategy In prior communications with Atwood and Allen, Mr. Stonefield identified he wished to open his limousine service in Austin, Texas. The main goal for Mr. Stonefield is to provide first class transportation options for various customers by providing a unique limousine service with attention to every detail in its service. There is an anticipated net revenue for the first year of $50,000, and is expected to have a 5% increase in net revenue within the next few years. There is also an estimation of a 10% turnover rate. According to Atwood & Allen, the short term and long term goals are very realistic for the first few years. By creating the performance management framework, Landslide Limousine Service will establish a base in which the company will align its goals in creating employee loyalty, and setting the financial growth of the company. The structure of the business strategy must consist of effective employee skills, methods to measure skills performance, concentrate on skills gaps, and effective employee feedback. This will create proper communication between employees and management. Creating an environment where employees are comfortable approaching management with concerns can reduce mistakes which could result in customer being dissatisfied with the limousine service. Lastly, communication can also assist with identifying and correcting any problems with equipment which  could reduce cost and will maximize the customers experience. Organizational Performance Philosophy In order to establish a strong strategic performance management framework, Landslide Limousine Service needs to identify the organizational performance philosophy. In order to compete within the existing competitive market in Austin, Texas, the business philosophy has to be built with a strong emphasis on excellent customer service. To build a positive reputation in the market, employees must look professional, and comply with all the rules and regulation to insure the customer experiences a safe ride. The organizational performance philosophy is the company’s values about how management is going to direct employees to accomplish goal to succeed the organizational performance. â€Å"Transporting clients efficiently and safe is our satisfaction† is a possible philosophy phrase that Landslide Limousine can use as a marketing strategy. The idea of the philosophy is to build trust within employees and customers within the company to retain loyalty and confidence within the service. Once the customers trust has been obtained, Landslide Limousine Service must continue to work hard to maintain the trust. Creating monthly surveys can assist with identifying areas were the organization can improve. In addition, the sales representatives should have meetings with the clients at least every quarter (if not sooner) to build a relationship with clients. This relationship can help with better aligning the services provided with customers expectations. Identifying employee’s skills It is important for any business to employ personnel with the required job skills. These skills are important because it reduces the amount of training required to get the employee ready for service. The employees knowledge and skills can guarantee customer satisfaction and positive reputation for the company. According to the textbook, Managing Human Resources, 9th edition, by W.F. Cascio, explains four levels of analysis to determine training needs and what can be achieved. The four levels of training are organizational analysis, demographic analysis, operations analysis, and individual analysis (Cascio, 2013, p. 317-318). The organizational analysis identifies if the training supports company’s direction, personnel training activity, and  resources available. Demographic analysis determines employee’s special need at different hierarchy levels. Operations analysis identify what an employees should do to perform competently, and individual analysis focus on the type of training should be provided to a specific individual (Cascio, 2013). According to Cascio, with a job analysis the business can identify tasks and required characteristics to perform a job (Cascio, 2013). The four levels of training is a helpful tool to identify areas of improvement. Training at all levels is important because though training we improve our overall performance. Methods to measure the employee’s skills For any business is important to measure employee skill performance to determine if the employees targets have been accomplished. According to, Employee Performance Measurement Tools, it explain how a company can measure performance with performance appraisals, productivity tests, and 360-Degree Feedback. The performance appraisal is an annual method on where the employee is evaluated by management. The evaluation identifies how well the employee is doing for a period of time and if action in required for improvement. In the performance appraisal, identifying future goals and needs are important to insure the employee understands what is expected of him or her. Productivity test can help measure employee performance in quantifiable terms. During the performance evaluation, management will determine if the employee will receive a raise and notify the employee what the raise increase will be and how they determined the raise amount. The amount of the raise has a direct correlation on the final scores of the performance evaluation. While employed at United Parcel Service (UPS), my employer used the performance evaluation and it was a great tool. Not only did this evaluation identify areas of improvements but it also allowed me to have a one to one meeting with my direct supervisor. Our meetings over lunch, allowed me to get to know my supervisor on a more personal level. The overall experience in my opinion was great because it energized me. My supervisor communicated how important I was to the organization and how my contributions affected the overall performance of the organization. Process for identifying skill gaps An analysis to address skill gaps is important at any employee level. The  analysis identifies the responsibility, knowledge, and skills required for a specific job. If an employee is currently performing a job but changes are made to the job description, addressing the gaps will be to identify any characteristic missed to train the employee or improve the process. It is common to find skills gaps when an employee change jobs or lacks of education and training to perform their job. According to How to Develop a Skill Gap Analysis, provides four steps to develop a skill gap analysis: identify business goals, collect data, understand data to make recommendations, and develop a training plan to address skills gaps in the current environment. It is crucial to identify business goals to remain competitive and create a project plan with the strategic objectives. The collected data can help identify skills and knowledge of every employee performing a role in the company. After data is collected, recommendations can be made to improve areas, such as communication, leadership, teamwork, sales, service, and project management. The training plan to address skills gaps in the organization can help determine appropriate and effective training to retain employees to retention and business performance. Identifying skill gaps within employees can also be useful in determining which supervisor is needed in that area. For example, if an employee is weak in a particular area transferring a strong and knowledgeable supervisor might assist the employee with better understanding his job function. Effective performance feedback It is very important to deliver effective performance feedback with positive attitude. Employees appreciate advice and positive coaching to help improve mistakes. According to How to Deliver Effective Performance Appraisals, the author explain different steps for effective performance appraisals: establish an appraisal method, effective eye contact, start with negative feedback end with positive suggestions, set new goals, have an open dialogue with the employee, explain if the employee is a candidate for promotion or raise. The first step is important because the method is selected to provide effective feedback. Two examples are the 360-degree feedback appraisal and self-evaluation for employees to share thoughts and ideas. At the interview, it is crucial to maintain good eye contact to develop trust from both sides and show respect. Body language is important because it can  show attitude or negative feedback. It is important to start with negative feedback to end with positive observations and set realistic goals for the next time period. In addition, it’s important for management to focus on the employee and his related job and not combine personal feelings or emotions into the feedback. During the feedback is important to have open dialogues to allow the employees to share his or her opinions and ideas. It is important for management to share decisions made by upper level management on behalf of the employee. Conclusion In conclusion, it’s important for management to understand the recommendations described above evolve. As time and the level of growth of the organization changes, so will the methods. it’s important for management to understand that change is always important. As customers, technology, expectations, and workforce change, the organization must be ready for what is to come. Most of the successful organizations of 2015 have anticipated a change in the market. So when the change occurred, they were ready and adapted instead of playing catch up with the change. References El-Shishini, H. (2001, December 13). Integrating Financial and Non-Financial Performance Measures. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://cours2.fsa.ulaval.ca/cours/gsf-60808/bsc.pdf How to Become a Certified Limousine Driver in Austin, Texas. (2012, September 5). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://en.netlog.com/diannarosemary/blog/blogid=11780256 Cascio, W.F. (2013). Managing Human Resources (9th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Workplace Training, Chapter 8. Duggan, Tara (2014). How to Develop a Skill Gap Analysis. Demand Media: Chron. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/develop-skill-gap-analysis-39872.html Balle, Louise (2014). How to Deliver Effective Performance Appraisals. Demand Media: Chron. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/deliver-effective-performance-appraisals-23603.html

Problems of Population

Pollution is today, probably, the greatest problem that faces mankind. There is a saying in English that it is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. And human beings are, collectively speaking, fouling their nest at the increasing rate. It is an alarming picture. We are polluting the air, which we need to breathe, the earth from which we derive all our food, and the waters from which wÐ µ, of course, derive the water we need to live, to drink, and for other purposes.So all the elements that surround us — there are three elements: earth, air and water — are being increasingly polluted by the activities of man, by industrial activities, for the most part. And pollution, of course, knows no frontiers. One country that pollutes will export its pollution to others. The radioactivity, for example, that was generated by the catastrophe at Chernobyl four years ago, four or five years ago, was carried in clouds across Europe, and some of these radioactive clouds, something which have been polluted in this way, actually produced rains which fell on parts of England and Wales.And we had a problem with the cattle which, of course, are fed on the grass, which had been rained on, by this polluted water, so we had problems in a small way, even in England as a result of the Chernobyl disaster. But Chernobyl is only one instant among many. It's a dramatic and alarming symptom of what is going on in all societies, all advanced industrial societies, not just in one. It's common to all, it's a common problem for all of us and in fact, in a sense, it takes us beyond all our ideologies. We must, in fact, look at this in a totally neutral, totally objective way, not for the blaming of one, one economic system or another.It's something which is, as I say, frowning both ends. It's really a function of advanced economic systems, of advanced, technologically advanced countries. It's basically the result of the industrialization which began in England, of course, in the 18th century and in above all, it's a result of the increasing use of and dependence upon fossil fuels: primarily, of course, coal and oil for both industry and transport. Modern industry, modern civilizations are run almost entirely on oil, mainly upon oil, to a less extent also, of course, on coke coal.But oil, it is which quite literally†¦ oil's the wheels of industry throughout the world. And the desire for oil, the need for oil, the craving for oil, the guzzling of oil is one of the great phenomena of the 20th century. We know, of course, that oil is decreasing, the stocks of it are decreasing inevitably and that someday, since they are finite, they will run out altogether, but that day hasn't, of course, arrived yet and new reserves are found from time to time, to enable us to go on in the same old ways.But the problems are increasing. Some day we shall have to find means of transportation by means of inventing some new kind of transport which isn't dependent on oil, perhaps, upon electri ­city or something, like that, because electricity itself is oil-dependent to some extent. We shall have to become less and less oil dependent, whereas, in fact, in the last hundred years or so, we've become more and more oil-dependent.First, dependence on oil is something, this rapidly dwindling resource is one of our major problems, and we hope all of us, I think, that the scientists will be able to find alternative sources of energy, solar energy, water, water power from the seas, so to say, and it is derived from sea power and the building of dams. This will take the place, we hope, on the oil-fired and coal-fired power stations which we depend on so much today and, of course, nearly all our transport is fuelled by oil or by its derivative — petrol. We shall have to do something about that.There'll be required a technological revolution. We hope we'll acquire one, at any rate, which will bring about a new way of life which is less pollutant, less polluting , less dangerous to our environment. Let us look a little bit at the picture today. We are all aware of this; in order to satisfy our almost boundless need for oil today we send huge tankers to trans ­port it from one country, where it is to be found, where it is drawn up from the ground, to many countries, of course, that have no oil of their own at all, they have to import it.And then, of course, the issued tankers sometimes sink and sometimes have collisions, and vast spillages occur, causing oil slicks which are sometimes miles and miles long. As a result of these oil slicks, which gradually come towards the coast, we have a poisoning of fish life and sea birds, and this makes the beaches unfit for either the local residents or for holiday-makers to use. And it's a dirty sight, a tragic sight.The sea birds, for example, are covered in thick black oil, and they have no chance of survival unless people can get to them early and clean their bodies, clean their wings of this oil. So the great cost to natural life – we've been endangering the other creatures of Earth in our greed for more and more oil. And the cost, the economic cost of cleaning up these oil slicks is enormous and, of course, fines that are imposed upon owners of tankers from which oil is spilt, but the fines themselves are derisory, they are not nearly heavy enough.Many tanker captains deliberately flush out the holes of their vessels in foreign ports leaving the foul mess for other people to clean up, and the fines they pay, if they are caught, which is not always the case, are literally peanuts. And then there are carbon emissions from our factories and from the traffic. The emissions from the exhausts of cars and other vehicles on the roads are largely responsible for the atmospheric pollution from which we are suffering these days.These emissions cause acid rain which, when it falls upon the ground, is harmful to plant life, and to some extent, to animal life too. We are told by t hose who are supposed to know about these things that the atmospheric temperature throughout the world, the average temperature is rising very slightly, and the result of this is so-called global warming, which is only by 1 or 2 degrees, perhaps not even as much as 2 degrees will be the so-called greenhouse effect.This can be described in the following way: the ice at the Pole caps, the North Pole and the South Pole, will begin to melt as a result of this global warming and causing the level of the oceans to rise, and this, in turn, will flood low-lying coastal areas in various parts of the world, thereby, of course, not only causing disaster to people who live there, but also depriving man of some of the soil — the earth which he needs to grow his food on.And as further results will be, this happens, that the climate in many parts of the globe will change, maybe, of course, some parts will become warmer and may be better from that point of view, but others undoubtedly will s uffer. We can't know in total whether this will be a good or a bad thing, but we shouldn't just assume blindly that all will be well. We must try and plan and look on the gloomy side in a sense. We must assume the worst; we must take the worst case analysis, as it's called in England.It’s really quite a moot point today whether mankind will perish by flood or by frying, whether it'll be flooded out of existence or fried out of existence. For many decades after the Second World War, once the atom bomb had been invented, people were afraid above all of a nuclear war. Nu ­clear war was what it was feared, would wipe out mankind because, if there were Ð ° wÐ °r and nuclear weapons were used, and rockets with the nuclear warheads — â€Å"nukes† as the Americans call them – were used, then there's little hope for mankind, there'll be no victor in such a war.Everybody would be vanquished and, of course, the pollution would occur as a result, as well as the d evastation would probably, or could easily wipe out mankind, or if not wipe out mankind, then make lives, all life that was left unbearable, as to be almost not worth thinking about, not worth contemplating. There is, of course, an ever horrifying doomsday scenario, from which it's to be really gloomy about this sort of thing. This is the possibility of the Sun baking us all, frying us all.I haven't spoken about the possibility of flood from melting of the ice caps at the two Poles, but there's this other possibility which is opening up now as a result of man's activity in space and on earth, of course. Some of the hydrocarbons that we release into the atmosphere, es ­pecially those from the aerosol cans together, it is believed, with the rockets that we launch into space cause holes to appear, large holes to appear in the ozone layer above the Poles, above the Pole caps.And it is this layer, and this alone, incidentally, this ozone layer which prevents us all and which protects u s, in fact, from the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays given off by the sun. Were there no ozone layer, Ð ¾f course, life would not be life as we know it. It would not be sustainable, and for our type of life it would be too hopeless, the rays, ultraviolet rays would harm us. We know this is so, when we go sunbathing we give caution not to expose our bodies too much to the effect of the sunrays. As if all this were not enough, we pollute our water in various other ways.We pollute it not only, that is to say, with oil slicks, spillages of one source or another. In many places, and certainly this is true in England, and probably true in other countries, I'm sure, it's true in many continental countries on the Mediterranean coast, for example, in many places untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea, instead of being treated and used on the land, as would seem to be possible, of course. Side by side with this, we use huge quantities of chemical ferti ­lizers in our agriculture.Some of these fertilizers seep down into the underground water shelves and aquifers and finds its way into the river system together with chemicals discharged by factories, which are often sited near rivers and lakes, of course, straight into the river or the sea. We are polluting our waters with chemicals, with oil and with untreated sewage. And, of course, the oceans are huge, of course, they cover more of the earth surface than land, as we all know, but they can't endlessly prove a kind of flushing system, purification system for modern civilizations.The harmful chemicals which are deposited in one way or another into our rivers, our seas, our lakes and our oceans, get into parti ­cularly harmful metals, such as lead and cadmium; get into the food chain and the water supply. And, of course, we are absolutely depen ­dent on food, on safe food and water which is fit to drink. However, we mustn't be too gloomy about this, the mankind is capable not only of dirtying, of messing up the planet, it is also capable of cleaning it up, if he applies himself rationally to this problem.Many rivers have in recent years been cleaned up, that is to say, made a lot cleaner and the matter is clean as long as they would wish and they certainly have been improved immensely, the Thames in London is an example of this. Fish which have not been seen in the river Thames for decades are now reappearing there now. Of course, many of them are put in deliberately as the river is restocked. But the fish which would not have stood a chance of surviving in the Thames a few years ago are now able to survive in that environment, which is very encouraging, of course.There is another form of pollution I'd like to speak of briefly. It is not quite so harmful to the human race as a whole, but it is certainly deleterious, has a deleterious effect on the environment. It is one another environmental problem we have to deal with. This is the, what I call, noise pollution. This can come from various sources, for example, aircraft with the loud engines. These engines can be made quieter, and there is much effort going into making them less noisy all the time, but they are still enormously disruptive in their effects.Anybody who lives near an airport knows what a terrible noise these planes can make after they take off or when they are land ­ing. Some people can adapt to this, but not everybody can. It is not true that if you live near a noisy place, you'll adapt to it. I know from personal experience that a noisy traffic can have a continuously bad effect on one's health, because it disturbs one's sleep, keeps one awake and keeps one in a nervous state. Some people adapt to it, but many people, quite a large minority of people never adapt to noisy conditions.And the traffic noise and the bubble aircraft noise are the worst offenders in this respect. It's not only, of course, aircraft or road vehicles which cause a noise, but other things, such as the well-kn own ghetto blasters, as they call these, they are very loud hi-fi systems, or loudspeaker systems that they have in pubs and other places of entertainment. These are played at full blast, hence the name â€Å"blasters†, and they are very harmful to people's health. In the long run they can affect hearing.There is no doubt about it, scientists have shown that young people who are habitually exposed to very loud noises, to this deafening loud music, will in a course of years suffer an impairment in their hearing and can, in some cases, become deaf, which is a heavy price to pay for listening to loud rock music or something else of the kind. They can enjoy just as well at a lower volume surely, but the fashion today is to play these things as loud as possible, without regard for those around who, perhaps, don't want to hear these things.It's not uncommon for people in our country to play their transistors in their cars and then to open the car window and the sound comes out, and everybody hears whether they want to or not. I usually don't want to hear it. This is an offensive thing to do to one's fellow creatures to impose a sudden noise on them if, so to say, they don't want to hear. It's antisocial, to say the very least of it. It annoys me in ­tensely.And some shops where they sell hi-fi equipment will have that equipment, will have some music playing usually, usually junk music, I call it, playing very loud and such you can hear from the street. Why should I be, why should I be punished, as if my ears be afflicted with the sounds of music I don't wish to hear, which I don't regard in any way artistic or aesthetic, just because some other people are thoughtless, too thoughtless to turn the sound down. So we have created a problem, perhaps, of a nuisance. The same thing happens, of course, to transistors.Young people sometimes take a transistor with them, say, to a beach in the country and even in the town, and play it loud. And so all people are force d to listen to, are forced to hear it. This shouldn't be possible in fact, on our railways, I'm not sure about the buses, and other forms of public transport, certainly on our railways, it's illegal, it's technically illegal to play a transistor. It's perfectly acceptable to play one of these players, one of these personalized hi-fis which you wear, you just have earphones, walkmans, but not to play a transistor.We've created smokeless zones in our cities to rid ourselves of some of the pollution. Now, of course, we are not allowed to burn coal on our fires in most areas in England. In the country you still can have this kind of smoke, but in the towns one is not allowed to have an open fire which burns coal. One has to have a special smokeless fuel, and this, of course, has reduced the pollution and the fog and the smoke in the towns enormously. And even in my life-time I've noticed a huge difference in this respect.When I was a young man, it was common in November, particularly at the end of the year, to expe ­rience terrible fogs — â€Å"pea-soupers† we used to call them. And that was a mixture, of course, of industrial smoke, of smoke from all the chimneys in the houses and fog, and it really did look green, and the description of â€Å"pea-soupers† is very appropriate. It did look greenish, a horrible colour. It choked you, of course, and you got black deposits in your nose and so on. It was foul. People used to walk around with handkerchiefs and scarves wrapped around their noses and their eyes.They got into your eyes, as well, and it's really quite dreadful. We've managed to overcome that problem by the introduction of smokeless zones, I think some time in the late 1950s or early 60s. We could and should do something about the noise that we're creating, that is creat ­ing a nuisance for us. In a similar way, we could, in fact, impose re ­strictions on people. We have started in a small way but we need to go a lot further in th is respect. So all these problems, these problems of pollution are man-made problems.It is we, the human race who have caused these problems by failure to appreciate the extent of the damage we're doing to our environment by mismanagement, even when we do know the effects, we don't always take measures to secure a clean and safe environment. But we know now more and more of the matter, how very delicately balanced the ecology of our world is and that if we go on as we are doing, we might, well, disrupt it and alter it irreversibly, and to the detriment of all, all the human race. We've got to be extremely careful how we're moving in this respect.There is, as we say, only one spaceship — earth; we have only one planet, we are all in the same spaceship, all in the same boat, as we say. And we could perish unless we alter our attitudes, alter our industrial methods and ruthlessly punish those who are responsible for polluting parts of our Earth. And if we don't, I can quite trut hfully say that the sands of time are running out for mankind. *Sort some of the underlined vocabulary under the following headings (to have at least 5 items for each): a.words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues; b. the hottest environmental problems we are facing; c. the dramatic consequences of man’s activities; d. reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecological problems; e. ways of dealing with these problems; words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues; the hottest environmental problems we are facing; the dramatic consequences of man’s activities; reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecological problems; ways of dealing with these problems;

Accreditation policies and their effects on the Canadian economy

Accreditation policies and their effects on the Canadian economy Abstract The main aim of this paper will is to evaluate the impacts of the policies implemented during the accreditation of immigrants in Canada so as to ascertain whether they are effective and their overall impact on the Canadian economy. In the course of the years, the number of immigrated who have been granted entry into Canada has been on the increase at an alarming rate necessitating the coming up with control measures to monitor and manage this numbers.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Accreditation policies and their effects on the Canadian economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The immigration policies in Canada is seen to be complex at the very least especially to the public who are at a loss explaining why Canada is being flooded by foreigners each year. This paper shall therefore examine the major features of the Canadian immigration policies by categorizing these policies according to their goals a nd implementation period throughout the Canadian history line. In addition to this, the paper shall analyze the extent to which these policies and regulations have been successful in achieving their goals and objectives and a cost benefit analysis shall be carried out to examine whether they are of benefit to the social and economic realms in Canada. The issues that may arise from immigration shall also be addressed and critically analyzed in a bid to answer the question; Do policies of accreditation of immigrants in Canada effect the economy? The research done will assist in establishing the extent to which these policies are beneficial to the overall socio-economic welfare of the Canadian government and most important of all its citizens. Introduction Immigration refers to the movement of people from one geo-political region to another mostly in search of a better livelihood. In the context of human beings, this may range from better job opportunities and standards of living to po litical stability. However, immigration is a complex matter with various factors coming into play. In almost all country there are rules and regulations set in place to monitor this movement and avoid over population and other diverse impacts to the host country. As such, nations have through the decades come up with policies that dictate who should be allowed into the country, for what purpose and for how long they should stay. If unchecked, immigration has been known to cause serious series of problems and policies have to be implemented to prevent these devastating issues from occurring (Wallis and Kwok, 2008). This paper argues that the immigration policies in Canada are beneficial to the county’s economy.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To reinforce this assertion, this paper shall set out to provide an insight into how the policies of accreditatio n of immigrants in Canada affect the country’s economy. A brief history of the same shall be given and the effects, advantages and disadvantages highlighted. History of the Canadian immigration policies A report by Alan Green (1996) documents that the first immigration act was written in 1869 during what is referred to as the first period (1870-1913). This act was part of the national policies which were implemented to support three major issues which were: the building of the intercontinental railways, protection of the industrial sector of Canada and helping of people settle in the west. At this stage, such acts were made through the council’s select committee without any intervention from the cabinet. Later on in 1910, this act was amended and gave the cabinet control over all immigration related issues such as composition and the level of immigrants that were allowed into the country. The goals of this act were mainly to protect and secure farmers, women and farm w orkers. It managed to achieve this because in time, the population growth rate increased, the native tribes in Canada were pleased with the act and best of all it was at par with the national policies that were set. However, there arose some complications in the regulatory process in that some people suffered deeply due to this act. For example, business men and those who owned land enjoyed the opportunities that came with while the laborers especially the unskilled risked losing their work. In addition to this, the government promised to recruit immigrants from specific (traditional) countries but instead sourced from other countries. This act had immense economic gain due to increased skill labor, and a high inflow of human capital which not only increased productivity but also maximized on the economies of scale and consequently increased the overall GDP of Canada (Harris, 1999). However social effects of the same were not as appealing; many unskilled workers were faced with unem ployment and racism due to cultural diversity was on the rise. To help deal with the issues in the act, some revisions to the act were made in 1919. A literacy test was introduced and mandated to all potential immigrants, the government put itself in charge of dictating the number of immigrants that were allowed in within a given period of time and also as part of the requirements, all immigrants were supposed to have valid documents such as passports and visas depending on where they came from.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Accreditation policies and their effects on the Canadian economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Green (1996) further asserts that the government also selected the countries from which the immigrants came from and introduced the field for â€Å"nationality† in the custom papers so as to enable the identification of the immigrants home country. However, this did not factor in the b oom and recession periods and in 1918, the government established the Employment Service Council whose main purpose was to regulate the number of immigrants that came in during high unemployment periods and vice versa in the Canadian economy. These revisions ensured that the number of skilled labor in Canada was high; racism was minimized as most of the immigrants were from the United States and Britain (whites). In addition to this, the established council effectively checked on the unemployment levels thereby maintaining good standards of living for the people and maintained levels of output from the economic sectors. In short, the amended act covered both the social and economic welfares in Canada. Over the years, more amendments have been made to regulate the levels of immigrations. For example, admitting people according to the different needs in the various sectors, allowing people with promising potential to development such as agriculturalists, investors and those who can co me in handy while facilitating international trade and businesses. Currently, the Canadian government is using an act which contains the following regulations: the immigration levels must be contained at 1%, management of refugees is handled separately and has its own separate goals and resources, equality is maintained even if it means not reaching the speculated target, the educational levels and language (English or French) proficiency has been increased in point value of between 16 and 20 points. In addition to this, a program has been established to identify all sectors that are low on labor and emphasis is put on the economic aspects of immigration so that the immigrants do not become social burdens to the government and the general public.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of the policies to the economy Research strongly indicates that the accreditation of skilled immigrants does not necessarily improve the economic standing of the host country. An article by Schellenberg and Boyd (2008) theorizes that as is with all countries, many immigrants find it difficult to get employment in their areas of expertise when they go to other countries. This is because most immigrants lack the general knowledge of the host country and are unfamiliar with the structure of the labor markets in both the local and national levels. In addition to this, problems such as language barriers, lack of well established social networks which may assist them during the job search, Canadian work experience which is important to the employers and most important of all most of them lack certificates licensed through Canadian professional associations. As such, while the accreditation policies recruit persons in relation to their potential economic contributions to the Canadi an society, such barriers may limit their ability to fully utilize their skills and as a result, they end up being under employed or even undergoing the re- accreditation process so as to meet the Canadian standards. This process consumes time and money that could have otherwise been relocated to other beneficial use. This whole issue ironically leads to increased unemployment levels as the immigrants join in the existing pool of the unemployed as a result of the aforementioned issues. This reflects negatively on a country’s GDP and economic growth. On the same note, Boyd (2008) concedes that age and qualifications from Canadian educational institutions take precedence over other equally important attributes during the employment process. According to the 2001 census statistics, the number of foreign doctors and engineers working in their area of expertise was very low. It was noted that this was due to the fact that the number of vacancies offered to qualified non-Canadians in this sector is very limited and the process taken to get licensed in Canada for these fields is often hard and differs in every institution. Economic advantages of accreditation policies to Canada The immigration and refugee protection act (IRPA) is among the implemented policies from which Canada has benefited the most. The act is responsible for regulating the number of immigrants allowed into Canada. The immigrant entity is crucial to both the social and economical well-being of the Canadian economy. Without it the economy would fall into total chaos and the population would not grow leading to low GDP and productivity (Alboim, 2009). The act provides the immigration authorities with the ability to select and protect the needed human resource with relations to their skills (educational and professional) and absorb them into the various sectors that are in need of such. Consequently, this assists in filling the gaps in the labor markets and improves on unity between the differe nt cultures. Such unity is a crucial occurrence in our world which is progressively becoming more globalized. On the same note, within the IRPA are policies which facilitate the categorization of immigrants in accordance to their various abilities and reason of entry. One such policy is the economic class which regulates the inflow of immigrants especially the skilled ones. This category of immigrants presents the host country with investment opportunities, better innovations, trade opportunities and a wealth of knowledge pertaining to the different cultures. According to Cornelius (2004), immigrants come with extra economic benefits to the host country. He suggests that a larger population means a larger domestic market and an equally large economy which in turn leads to better standards of living and an increase in wealth accumulation. Immigrants increase consumer demand of the local products thereby leading to higher production and if they come in as investors, they help in creat ing employment avenues and opportunities to the local labor markets. The technological transfer which comes as a result of the same may help improve the productivity of the local industries. In addition to this, immigrants offer stiff competition to local employees and companies therefore forcing them to improve on their performances and as a result, more quality goods are produced with high efficiency rates. However in every good thing there must be some flaws. Economic disadvantages of accreditation policies to Canada Immigration has over the years led to undesirable results in many host countries and Canada is no exception. Racism has been on the increase as a result of ethnic and cultural diversity that comes with the immigrants. In Canada, ethnic discrimination is high especially when it comes to the employment process. In addition to this, immigration has been seen as a source of deterred progress when it comes to salaries and wages. According to Kazemipur (2005), immigration is believed to lower the wage rates in all economic sectors. This is attributed to the fact that most of them are either not fully qualified for the jobs or even to the fact that most of them are desperate to get jobs irrespective of the pay. To put more emphasis on this, immigrants who are under-employed produce less than their potential capacity. This on the other hand has serious psychological, social and economical impacts such as low standards of living, increase in violence and crime, and stress disorders which collectively reflects negatively on the GDP levels of the host nation. Additionally, immigration if unchecked leads to over population. This has been known to yield undesirable results in the past. As a result, the host country may be faced with such vices as increased unemployment due to job shortages in the labor markets, inflation as a result of increased demand and low supply, scarcity of resources due to overexploitation by the growing number of industries, and wor se of all environmental degradation due to pollution and search for expansionary land. In Canada, it has contributed highly to the income inequality gap among the people and also to the uneven distribution of industries and resources across the nation (Beach, 2003). Analysis of the immigration policies in Canada Since the first immigration act, the policies made always aimed at safeguarding three main aspects; the growth of the economy, reunification of families and humanitarian efforts as regarding to aid given to refugees (Alboim, 2009). However, there are some policies that questioned Canada’s efforts towards achieving these goals. For example, the 1885 Chinese immigration act was established specifically to discourage Chinese immigrants from venturing into Canada. This was done by imposing a 50$ head tax to all incoming Chinese immigrants especially after the conclusion of the Canadian pacific railway project. This act was purely based on racial profiling as were other im migration policies implemented back then such as the 1919 immigration act through which the Canadian authorities carefully selected the countries from which its immigrants originated from. The list excluded Asian and African countries but included US, Australia and European countries (Dyzenhaus and Moran, 2005). Over time, as the need for immigrants increased, so did the need for reforms to the various accreditation policies being used. The 2002 IRPA has so far been the policy that yielded the best results as a result of the reform and amendments efforts displayed by the Canadian authority in relation to the accreditation of immigrants. In terms of economics, this act dictates that immigrants be recruited mainly on basis of their ability to positively contribute to the national economy. As such, the government has actively introduced new policies and regulations to further tap the benefits that come from immigrations. However, the impacts that these policies exert are worrying to sa y the least especially when we factor in the lack of debate characterized when formulating them. Evidently, little to no consideration seem to be given when implementing these new policies especially in regards to their long term impacts to the immigration system and consequently, the Canadian economy at large. Also, through the e federal skilled workers program, the government has been able to identify immigrants who have high economic potentials and as such hasten their accreditation (2-4 months) process and even less time to those immigrants who have secured job opportunities in the various sectors (economic class). On the same note, the sponsorship policy implemented in 1996 by the Canadian immigration Centre (CIC) has helped most of the incoming immigrants cope with the changes facing them and as a result assist them in settling in much faster than before (Briskin and Eliasson, 1999). The amendments and accreditation policies mentioned above are very noble but they dismiss the fact that most qualified immigrants may require re-accreditation to fully conform to the Canadian standards. Also, these regulations assume the fact that most of them lack established social networks which may be useful during the job search process. In this global community, people are finding it easier to work from wherever they want and such restrictions only eliminate one choice; Canada. In the long-run, this may have hard economic impacts as fewer people apply for work in Canada which may result to a labor deficit and reduction in the population levels which acts as a major indicator of economic growth. Zaman (2006), states that the current policies have been designed in such a way that the immigrants are grouped according to their purpose and length of stay in Canada. This also is a great initiative as it helps monitor and regulate the number of immigrants that are present in a particular category within a given period of time. However, it cumulatively leads to the marginaliza tion of women who through this process are always very few (25% in the skilled category). This therefore paints a bad picture of Canada especially in terms of fighting discrimination and promoting equality. In addition to this, the government recently removed all the restrictions that governed the criteria used and the number of immigrants that were allowed in a given province. As such, the duty to carry out these decisions was left to the province. While an overview of this government undertaking may be seen to be benevolent to the immigrants, a closer look reveals that it may lead to problems in the future because each province has the ability to get as many people as it deems fit without any restrictions. During the low labor demand periods this may lead to a countrywide unemployment wave which would have inconceivable socio-economical effects to the country as a result of inflated unemployment levels. Civil unrest would almost inevitably follow leading to further economic and so cial disaster. Edmonston (1996) iterates that the point based system of evaluating immigrants is to some extent disadvantageous to the Canadian labor market. In some cases, employers sometimes need temporary low skilled workers to help balance the levels of production to the demand especially during the boom periods. However, the educational points are too high for low skilled people to actually manage to migrate to Canada. In addition to this, too much time is used in processing the required papers and this ends up frustrating both the employers and employees not to mention the huge losses incurred in economical terms. Despite all these flaws, there are some policies that have actually helped in the quick recruitment and settlement of immigrants. For example the transition to permanent residence was in the past a hectic process and in some cases unsuccessful. This was because the Canadian government stipulation that all immigrants were expected to go back to their countries and app ly from there. This was very discouraging especially to those immigrants who had established social niches and realized stability within Canada, or those whose nations had stringent policies against brain drain or even red tape in such issues. This imparted huge losses on the Canadian labor market. The government therefore formed the Canadian Experience Class where specialized immigrants like students and temporary but skilled workers would apply from within Canada for permanent residency. On the same note, the government has also established a program that links immigrants to potential employers thus saving them the hustle of manually looking for work. Additionally, another program has been created which helps in the retraining and settlement of skilled immigrants in Canada. These programs have come a long way in solving the major issues that affected the immigrants once they were accepted in Canada. Consequently they make the process of job searching by immigrants relatively easy and also help them in adapting to the advantages and disadvantages that come with moving to a new geographic location. Also, the government has over the years formulated laws and policies that safeguard immigrants and other people from sexual, racial, age, cultural and ethnical discrimination. This has in turn provided the minorities with equal opportunities in the labor market, in status and in the distribution and allocation of resources thereby creating a sense of unity and integration between the locals and foreigners that exist within the Canadian geographical boundaries. The Canadian government has always set its immigration policies in such a way that they encourage the selection of citizens rather than workers. This move has given Canada an added advantage because not only does it support Canada’s population base but it also increases the number of people in the working class age limit thereby improving on productivity and economic growth. This is as opposed to many o ther western countries whose primary basis for granting immigrant status is the economic viability. Recommendations As is with most industrialized nation, Canada is facing a serious problem in maintaining its local population base. This is because the reproduction rates are low in comparison to the desired fertility rate. Statistics indicate that by the year 2030, Canada will rely 100%on immigration to cover the population deficit that will ensue. It is common knowledge that without a working-age population, even the jobs that require low skills shall be vacant. As such, more emphasis should be put in improving the current immigration policies so that they encourage more immigrants to come to Canada. On the same note, the number of immigrants coming to Canada is reducing due to the intense competition for skilled labor in the global contexts. Also, countries like china and India from which most immigrants came from have over the years developed rapidly thus creating more job opportu nities for their own people. Canada can therefore apply the following recommendations in its accreditation policies in order to compete favorably for these skilled laborers: The Canadian government should try and formulate vision that is shared by the whole nation through public debate and dialogue. As earlier mentioned, the Canadian government has over the decade made immigration policies without a care for the public’s opinion. As a result, many of these policies have been ineffective because of the constant challenges that are imposed by the various social groups. Having a dialogue will therefore resolve the key issues that may hinder the success of such policies and at the same time, come up with effective and more realistic policies. In so doing, Canada will realize balance between the economic sectors, households and also within the various categories that they have set for immigrants leading to gradual positive economic growth. The government should also prioritize the skilled workers program because it is the only program that allows them to recruit future citizens in regards to their potential economic contributions. This policy is very important to the Canadian nation especially if we consider the long term ramifications of a low working-population. In addition to this, the immigrants in this category have over the years proven that they posses the ability to quickly adapt to the Canadian environment as a result of their educational qualifications and fluency in the desired languages. To effectively do this, the government should allocate adequate resources to the departments that process these candidates in order to eliminate the delays experienced during the recruitment process. Another recommendation would be the amendment of the Federal Skilled Workers Program so that it can meet the exact needs of the labor market. The proposed revisions should evolve around the point based system of assessment. For example increasing points given to youn g applicants within the working age, people who have family connections in Canada, creating mandatory language tests for all the immigrants that come from countries that do not speak French or English and at least fast track the applications of those that have received job offers within Canada. Also additional points should be awarded to those immigrants who intend to work in sectors that are experiencing labor shortages. These amendments will encourage more people to apply for the recruitment and at the same time pinpoint the skills that are required by the various sectors while avoiding entrance of those that have undesirable traits (Knowles, 2007). According to a Maytree publication, Canada should also work towards the elimination of the Low skill Pilot Project (2009). This was an initiative that was introduced by the federal government in a bid to allow in temporary low skilled workers into Canada. However, this has been a basis for exploitation and abuse especially for the wome n who are at this category. If something is not done soon, the program may end up being part of a bigger problem as human rights launch investigations to clarify this. If the total elimination is not a possibility, then they can formulate another program similar to the Live-In Caregiver Program which has a mechanism that facilitates the transition to leaving in Canada permanently. To assist in doing this, employers should endeavor to advertise these low skill jobs to the citizens and immigrants that are within Canada. This will reduce exploitation because as a result of permanency, they have a right to these jobs and are protected by laws against any form of discrimination or exploitation. As is the case with all countries that imports skilled labor, these immigrants upon arrive and after the accreditation become the responsibility of the federal government. Therefore, the government should ensure that they provide ample support and directions to all the provinces that hosts immigra nts so that they can be able to effectively monitor and help these immigrants quickly settle in their selected environment. In addition to this, they should ensure that the working conditions are favorable and equal among the locals and foreigners. If this is done, Canada will reap off a lot in terms of both economic and social benefits because the immigrants will continue flowing in due to such incentives and also fully utilize their potential in their areas of expertise with ease and freedom of both body and mind. The key to successful marketing lies in the techniques used to inform the public about the product in question. Canada has been engaged in â€Å"marketing† ventures over the years but more needs to be done on the international scene if Canada is to compete fairly with other nations for the skilled labor. For this to work, the Canadian government should start expanding their coverage areas to include more countries and also to provide more overseas services in thos e countries so that they can reduce time wasting and prepare the immigrants from their safe zone. So far, the government has been offering information about the qualifications, the job opportunities and other requirements. This is not enough and as Omidvar (2006) suggests, the government should also incorporate services such as beginning the assessment program from the immigrant’s home country, or employment recruitment from the same. This services if provided will encourage more people to apply because it minimizes the complications that arise when the same is done on Canadian soils. For example, Lack of enough money or lack of a accommodation for a prospective immigrant as he/she seeks for work or even applies for recruitment have been know to be major contentious issues for most people. Finally, the government needs to create accreditation policies that cater for potential investors separately from other immigrants. They should ensure efficiency in time management while cl earing potential investors. Also, they should dedicate the available resources to investments that will yield positive results to the Canadian society and economy. This is important because these investments will protect the immigrants from total poverty all the while creating opportunities for them and the country to grow (Magill, 1997). This can be done by reducing tariffs to those investments that have high potentials of thriving in Canada and those that have high demand of foreign human capital. Conclusion The immigration phenomena is common place in most developed countries and while it may be seen as beneficial, dire consequences may follow if it is not controlled in some manner by the use of effective policies. This paper set out to argue that the Canadian accreditation policies are mostly beneficial to the country both socially and economically. From this paper, a brief history of the Canadian accreditation policies have been offered to father assist in envisioning where Can ada has come from. The advantages and disadvantages of economic immigration have been provided and an analysis of the current policies given. It is evident from the discussions presented in this paper that Canada needs some reforms on its present policies. As a result, favorable recommendations have been made as to how best Canada can capitalize on the opportunities that are associated with immigration. Today, Canada’s need for immigrants remains as strong as ever. This is mostly as a factor of the aging population and the low fertility rates which are prevalent among most Canadian’s. So as to safeguard the country’s future as one of the world’s power strongholds, the government should implement policies that will encourage immigration into Canada. This will ensure that the country continues to enjoy the economic benefits that spring from this sector thus securing Canada’s future. References Alboim, N. Maytree. Adjusting the balance: Fixing Canada ’s Economic Immigration Policies. Retrieved from: http:// www.maytree.com/policy Bauder, H. (2006). Labor movement: how migration regulates labor markets. USA: Oxford University Press Beach, C, M. Green, A, G. (2003). Canadian immigration policy for the 21st century. John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy Becklumb, P. Elgersma, S. (2008). Recognition of the Foreign Credentials of Immigrants*. Retrieved from: http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0429-e.htm Boyd, M. schellenberg, G. Re-accreditation and the occupations of immigrant doctors and engineers. Retrieved from: statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2007004/10312-eng.htm Briskin, L Eliasson, M. (1999). Womens organizing and public policy in Canada and Sweden. McGill-Queens Press- MQUP Canada metropolis. (2009). Language Matters: A Policy-Research Seminar on Language Acquisition and Newcomer Integration Retrieved from: http://canada.metropolis.net/events/metropolis_presents/LanguageSemina r/language_summary_e.pdf Cornelius, W, A. (2004). Controlling immigration: a global perspective  Global Perspectives. Stanford University Press Dyzenhaus, D Moran, M. (2005). Calling power to account: law, reparations and the Chinese Canadian head tax case. University of Toronto Press Edmonston, B. (1996). Statistics on U.S. immigration: an assessment of data needs for future research. National Academies Press Green, A. Green, D. (1996). The economic goals of Canada’s immigration policy: past and present. Retrieved from: immigrationwatchcanada.org/index.php Harris, R, G. (1996). The Asia Pacific region in the global economy: a Canadian perspective. University of Calgary Press Kazemipur, A. (2004). An economic sociology of immigrant life in Canada. Nova Publishers Knowles, V. (2007). Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration and immigration policy, 1540-2006. Dundurn Press Ltd Magill,F, N. Loos, J, L. (1997). Great Events from History: 1956-1996. Salem Press Maytree. ( 2009). Policy in Focus, Issue 10: Abolish the Low-skilled Temporary Foreign Worker Program. Retrieved from: maytree.com/policy/publications/maytree-policy-in-focus/ Omidvar, R. (2006). Practical And Doable Ideas That Will Make A Difference:Integrating Skilled Immigrants into Ontario’s Labour Market. Retrieved from: http://maytree.com/PDF_Files/SummaryPracticalAndDoableIdeas.pdf Wallis, M, A Kwok, S. (2008). Daily Struggles: The Deepening Racialization and Feminization of Poverty in Canada. Canadian Scholars Press Zaman, H. (2006). Breaking the iron wall: decommodification and immigrant womens labor in Canada. Lexington Books

Free Essays on The Age Of Jackson

The Age of Jackson, written by Arthur M. Schlesinger, focuses on the long lasting effects of Andrew Jackson on democracy and American politics. The novel starts off with Jackson’s life story, a lower-class boy from the west, raised by a single mother. After finding financial success on his own, he became well known for his military exploits, being a crucial factor in the Battle of New Orleans, and the acquisition of Florida from the Spanish. After the brief account of Jackson’s life, the author moves on to his administration, and stays with that topic for most of the book. By the time Jackson came to power, the nation had been drastically changed by the Industrial Revolution. The simple, pastoral, agricultural lifestyle was being replaced by the manufacturing world, of cities and factories. Politically, the nation was in great turmoil. There was still an everlasting debate among men in power, over what should prevail, the rights of the states, or the rights of the Federal Government. If not for several personal reasons, Jackson would have been a staunch advocator of states rights. The right to vote was still a major issue, the middle class feeling robbed of power in governmental decisions, the upper-class feeling threatened by the growth of the middleclass. However, Jackson brought with him many new ideas and principles. Since he himself had very modest roots, he sympathized with the middle and lower classes. He had worked for everything he had of value in life, and he acknowledged the importance of being able to climb the social ladder based upon oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s own merit. Jackson felt that if a man was willing to work hard, he should be able to get what he wanted out of life. Jackson, uneducated as he was, was a very shrewd man. Using the spoils system, he all but totally replaced the cabinet from the previous administration. By rewarding the men who had helped him reach his current state, he made it clear that the middleclass could i... Free Essays on The Age Of Jackson Free Essays on The Age Of Jackson The Age of Jackson, written by Arthur M. Schlesinger, focuses on the long lasting effects of Andrew Jackson on democracy and American politics. The novel starts off with Jackson’s life story, a lower-class boy from the west, raised by a single mother. After finding financial success on his own, he became well known for his military exploits, being a crucial factor in the Battle of New Orleans, and the acquisition of Florida from the Spanish. After the brief account of Jackson’s life, the author moves on to his administration, and stays with that topic for most of the book. By the time Jackson came to power, the nation had been drastically changed by the Industrial Revolution. The simple, pastoral, agricultural lifestyle was being replaced by the manufacturing world, of cities and factories. Politically, the nation was in great turmoil. There was still an everlasting debate among men in power, over what should prevail, the rights of the states, or the rights of the Federal Government. If not for several personal reasons, Jackson would have been a staunch advocator of states rights. The right to vote was still a major issue, the middle class feeling robbed of power in governmental decisions, the upper-class feeling threatened by the growth of the middleclass. However, Jackson brought with him many new ideas and principles. Since he himself had very modest roots, he sympathized with the middle and lower classes. He had worked for everything he had of value in life, and he acknowledged the importance of being able to climb the social ladder based upon oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s own merit. Jackson felt that if a man was willing to work hard, he should be able to get what he wanted out of life. Jackson, uneducated as he was, was a very shrewd man. Using the spoils system, he all but totally replaced the cabinet from the previous administration. By rewarding the men who had helped him reach his current state, he made it clear that the middleclass could i...

Joseph Michael Swango, Serial Killer Profile and Biography

Joseph Michael Swango, Serial Killer Profile and Biography Joseph Michael Swango is a serial killer who, as a trusted doctor, had easy access to his victims. Authorities believe he murdered up to 60 people and poisoned countless others, including co-workers, friends and his wife. Childhood Years Michael Swango was born on October 21, 1954, in Tacoma, Washington, to Muriel and John Virgil Swango. He was the middle son of three boys and the child that Muriel believed was the most gifted. John Swango was an Army officer which meant the family was constantly relocating. It was not until 1968, when the family moved to Quincy, Illinois, that they finally settled down. The atmosphere in the Swango home depended on whether or not John was present. When he was not there, Muriel tried to maintain a peaceful home, and she kept a strong hold on the boys. When John was on leave and at home from his military duties, the home resembled a military facility, with John as the strict disciplinarian. All of the Swango children feared their father as did Muriel.  His struggle with alcoholism was the main contributor to the tension and upheaval that went on in the home. High School Concerned that Michael would be under-challenged in the public school system in Quincy, Muriel decided to ignore her Presbyterian roots and enrolled him in the Christian Brothers High School, a private Catholic school known for its high academic standards. Michaels brothers attended the public schools. At Christian Brothers, Michael excelled academically and became involved in various extracurricular activities. Like his mother, he developed a love of music and learned to read music, sing, play the piano, and mastered the clarinet well enough to become a member of the Quincy Notre Dame band and tour with the Quincy College Wind Ensemble. Millikin University Michael graduated as class valedictorian from Christian Brothers in 1972. His high school achievements were impressive, but his exposure to what was available for him in selecting the best colleges to attend to was limited. He decided on Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, where he received a full music scholarship. There Swango maintained top grades during his first two years, however, he became an outcast from social activities after his girlfriend ended their relationship. His attitude became reclusive. His outlook changed. He exchanged his collegiate blazers for military fatigues. During the summer after his second year at Millikin, he stopped playing music, quit college and joined the Marines. Swango became a trained  sharpshooter for the Marines, but decided against a military career. He wanted to return to college and become a doctor. In 1976, he received an honorable discharge. Quincy College Swango decided to attend Quincy College to earn a degree in chemistry and biology. For unknown reasons, once accepted into the college, he decided to embellish his permanent records by submitting a form with lies stating that he had earned a Bronze Star and the Purple Heart while in the Marines. In his senior year at Quincy College, he elected to do his chemistry thesis on the bizarre poisoning death of Bulgarian writer  Georgi Markov. Swango developed an obsessive interest in poisons that could be used as silent killers. He graduated  summa cum laude from Quincy College in 1979. With an award for academic excellence from the American Chemical Society tucked under his arm, Swango set out to get accepted into medical school, a task that was not so simple during the early 1980s. At that time, there was fierce competition among a massive number of applicants trying to get into a limited amount of schools throughout the country. Swango managed to beat the odds and he got into Southern Illinois University (SIU). Southern Illinois University Swangos time at SIU received mixed reviews from his professors and fellow classmates. During his first two years, he earned a reputation for being serious about his studies but was also suspected of taking unethical shortcuts when preparing for tests and group projects. Swango had little personal interaction with his classmates after he began working as an ambulance driver. For a first-year medical student struggling with tough academic demands, such a job caused great stress. In his third year at SIU, the one-on-one contact with patients increased. During this time, there were at least five patients that died after they had just received a visit from Swango. The coincidence was so great, that his classmates began to call him Double-O Swango, a reference to the James Bond and the license to kill slogan. They also began to view him as incompetent, lazy and just strange. Obsessed With Violent Death From the age of three, Swango showed an unusual interest in violent deaths. As he got older, he became fixated on stories about the  Holocaust, particularly those that contained pictures of the death camps. His interest was so strong that he began to keep a scrapbook of pictures and articles about fatal car wrecks and macabre crimes. His mother would also contribute to his scrapbooks when she came across such articles. By the time Swango attended SIU, he had put together several scrapbooks. When he took the job as an ambulance driver, not only did his scrapbooks grow, but he was seeing firsthand what he had only read about for so many years. His fixation was so strong that he would rarely turn down the chance to work, even if it meant sacrificing his studies. His classmates felt that Swango showed more dedication to making a career as an ambulance driver than he did for getting his medical degree. His work had become sloppy and he often left unfinished projects because his beeper would go off, signaling him that the ambulance company needed him for an emergency. The Final Eight Weeks In Swangos final year at SIU, he sent off applications for internships and residency programs in neurosurgery to several teaching colleges. With the help of his teacher and mentor, Dr. Wacaser, who was also a neurosurgeon, Swango was able to provide the colleges with a letter of recommendation. Wacaser even took the time to write a handwritten personal note of confidence on each letter. Swango was accepted in neurosurgery at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City. Once he nailed down his residency, Swango showed little interest in his remaining eight weeks at SIU. He failed to show up for required rotations and to watch specific surgeries performed. This astounded Dr. Kathleen OConnor who was in charge of overseeing Swangos performance. She called his place of employment to schedule a meeting to discuss the matter. She did not find him, but she did learn that the ambulance company no longer permitted Swango to have direct contact with patients, although the reason why was not disclosed. When she finally did see Swango, she gave him the assignment to perform a complete history and examination on a woman who was going to have a  cesarean delivery. She also observed him entering the womans room and leaving after just 10 minutes. Swango then turned in a very thorough report on the woman, an impossible task given the amount of time he was in her room. OConnor found Swangos actions reprehensible and the decision to fail him was made. It meant that he would not be graduating and his internship in Iowa would be canceled. As the news spread about Swango not graduating, two camps were formedthose  for and those against SIUs decision. Some of Swangos classmates who had long decided that he was not fit to be a doctor used the opportunity to sign off on a letter describing Swangos incompetence and poor character. They recommended that he be expelled. Had Swango not hired a lawyer, it is likely that he would have been expelled from SIU, but shrinking from the fear of being sued and wanting to avoid the costly expense of litigation, the college decided to postpone his graduation by a year and give him another chance, but with a strict set of rules that he had to follow. Swango immediately cleaned up his act and refocused his attention on completing the requirements to graduate. He reapplied to several residency programs, having lost the one in Iowa. Despite having an extremely poor evaluation from the dean of ISU, he was accepted into a surgical internship, followed by a very prestigious residency program in neurosurgery at Ohio State University. This left many who knew Swangos history completely dumbfounded, but he apparently aced his personal interview and was the only student out of sixty accepted into the program. Around the time of his graduation, Swango was fired from the ambulance company after he told a man having a heart attack to walk to his car and have his wife drive him to the hospital. Deadly Compulsion Swango began his internship at Ohio State in 1983. He was assigned to the Rhodes Hall wing of the medical center. Shortly after he began, there was a series of unexplained deaths among several healthy patients being cared for in the wing. One of the patients who survived a severe seizure told the nurses that Swango had injected medicine into her just minutes before she became critically ill. Nurses also reported to the head nurse their concerns about seeing Swango in patients rooms during odd times. There were numerous occasions when patients were found near death or dead just minutes after Swango left the rooms. The administration was alerted and an investigation was launched, however, it seemed as if it was designed to discredit the eyewitness reports from the nurses and patients so that the matter could be closed and any residual damage curbed. Swango was exonerated  of any wrongdoing. He returned to work, but was moved to the Doan Hall wing. Within days, several patients on the Doan Hall wing began to die mysteriously. There was also an incident when several residents became violently ill after Swango offered to go get fried chicken for everyone. Swango also ate the chicken but did not get sick. License to Practice Medicine In March 1984, the Ohio State residency review committee decided that Swango did not have the necessary qualities needed to become a neurosurgeon. He was told he could complete his one-year internship at Ohio State, but he was not invited back to complete his second year of residency. Swango stayed on at Ohio State until July 1984 and then moved home to Quincy. Before moving back he applied to get his license to practice medicine from the Ohio State Medical Board, which was approved in September 1984. Welcome Home Swango did not tell his family about the trouble he encountered while at Ohio State or that his acceptance into his second-year residency had been rejected. Instead, he said he did not like the other doctors in Ohio. In July 1984, he began working for Adams County Ambulance Corp as an emergency medical technician. Apparently, a background check was not done on Swango because he had worked there in the past while attending Quincy College. The fact that he had been fired from another ambulance company never surfaced. What did begin to surface was Swangos weird opinions and behavior. Out came his scrapbooks filled with references to violence and gore, which he doted on regularly. He began making inappropriate and strange comments related to death and people dying. He would become visibly excited over CNN news stories about mass killings and horrific auto accidents. Even to hardened paramedics that had seen it all, Swangos lust for blood and guts was downright creepy. In September the first noticeable incident that Swango was dangerous occurred when he brought doughnuts for his co-workers. Everyone who ate one ended up becoming violently ill and several had to go to the hospital. There were other incidents where co-workers became ill after eating or drinking something Swango had prepared. Suspecting that he was purposely making them ill, some of the workers decided to get tested. When they tested positive for poison, a police investigation was launched. The police obtained a search warrant for his home and inside they found hundreds of drugs and poisons, several containers of ant poison, books on poison, and syringes. Swango was arrested and charged with battery. The Slammer On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery and he was sentenced to five years behind bars. He also lost his medical licenses from Ohio and Illinois. While he was in prison, Swango began trying to mend his ruined reputation by doing an interview with John Stossel who was doing a segment about his case on the ABC program,? 20/20. Dressed in a suit and tie, Swango insisted that he was innocent and said that the evidence that was used to convict him lacked integrity. A Cover Up Exposed As part of the investigation, a look into Swangos past was conducted and the incidents of patients dying under suspicious circumstances at Ohio State resurfaced. The hospital was reluctant to allow the police access to their records. However, once the global news agencies got wind of the story, the university president, Edward Jennings, assigned the dean of Ohio State University Law School, James Meeks, to conduct a full investigation to determine if the situation surrounding Swango had been handled properly. This also meant investigating the conduct of some of the most prestigious people in the university. Offering an unbiased assessment of the events that had occurred, Meeks concluded that legally, the hospital should have reported the suspicious incidents to the police because it was their job to decide if any criminal activity had occurred. He also referred to the initial investigations performed by the hospital as superficial. Meeks also pointed out that he found it astounding that the hospital administrators had not kept a permanent record detailing what had occurred. Once full disclosure was obtained by police, the prosecutors from Franklin County, Ohio, toyed with the idea of charging Swango with murder and attempted murder, but due to a lack of evidence, they decided against it. Back on the Streets Swango served two years of his five-year sentence and was released on August 21, 1987. His girlfriend, Rita Dumas, had fully supported Swango throughout his trial and during his time in prison. When he got out the two of them moved to Hampton, Virginia. Swango applied for his medical license in Virginia, but because of his criminal record, his application was denied. He then found employment with the state as a career counselor, but it was not long before weird things began to happen. Just like what happened in Quincy, three of his co-workers suddenly experienced severe nausea and headaches. He was caught gluing gory articles into his scrapbook when he should have been working. It was also discovered that he had turned a room in the office building basement into a kind of bedroom where he often stayed for the night. He was asked to leave in May 1989. Swango then went to work as a lab technician for Aticoal Services in Newport News, Virginia. In July 1989, he and Rita got married, but almost immediately after exchanging vows, their relationship began to unravel. Swango began ignoring Rita and they stopped sharing a bedroom. Financially he refused to contribute to the bills and took money out of Ritas account without asking. Rita decided to end the marriage when she suspected that Swango was seeing another woman. The two separated in January 1991. Meanwhile, at Aticoal Services several employees, including the president of the company, began suffering from sudden bouts of severe stomach cramping, nausea, dizziness, and muscle weakness. Some of them were hospitalized and one of the executives of the company was nearly comatose. Unphased by the wave of illnesses going around the office, Swango had more important issues to work out. He wanted to get his medical license back and start working as a doctor again. He decided to quit the job at Aticoal and started applying at residency programs. Its All in the Name At the same time, Swango decided that, if he was going to get back into the medicine, he would need a new name. On January 18, 1990, Swango had his name legally changed to David Jackson Adams. In May 1991, Swango applied for the residency program at Ohio Valley Medical Center in Wheeling, West Virginia. Dr. Jeffrey Schultz, who was the chief of medicine at the hospital, had several communications with Swango, mainly centering on the events surrounding the suspension of his medical license. Swango lied about what had happened, downplaying the battery by poisoning conviction, and said instead that he was convicted for an altercation he was involved in at a restaurant. Dr. Schultz opinion was that such a punishment was far too severe so he continued to try to verify Swangos account of what happened. In return, Swango forged several documents, including a prison fact sheet which stated that he had been convicted of hitting someone with his fists. He also forged a letter from the Governor of Virginia stating that his application for Restoration of Civil Rights had been approved. Dr. Schultz continued to try to verify the information that Swango had provided to him and forwarded a copy of the documents to the Quincy authorities. The correct documents were forwarded back to Dr. Schultz who then made the decision to reject Swangos application. The rejection did little to slow down Swango who was determined to get back into medicine. Next, he sent an application to the residency program at the University of South Dakota. Impressed by his credentials, the director of the internal medicine residency program, Dr. Anthony Salem, opened up communications with Swango. This time Swango said the battery charge involved poison, but that coworkers who were jealous that he was a doctor had framed him. After several exchanges, Dr. Salem invited Swango to come for a series of personal interviews. Swango managed to charm his way through most of the interviews and on March 18, 1992, he was accepted into the internal medicine residency program. Kristen Kinney While he was employed at Aticoal, Michael had spent time taking medical courses at the Newport News Riverside Hospital. It was there that he met Kristen Kinney, to whom he was immediately attracted to and aggressively pursued. Kristen, who was a nurse at the hospital, was quite beautiful and had an easy smile. Although she was already engaged when she met Swango, she found him attractive and very likable. She ended up calling off her engagement and the two began dating regularly. Some of her friends felt it was important that Kristen know about some of the dark rumors they had heard about Swango, but she did not take any of it seriously. The man she knew was nothing like the man they were describing. When it came time for Swango to move to South Dakota to begin his residency program, Kristen immediately agreed that they would move there together. Sioux Falls At the end of May, Kristen and Swango moved to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. They quickly established themselves in their new home and Kristen got a job in the intensive care unit at the Royal C. Johnson Veterans Memorial Hospital. This was the same hospital where Swango began his residency, although no one was aware that the two knew each other. Swangos work was exemplary and he was well liked by his peers and the nurses. He no longer discussed the thrill of seeing a violent accident nor did he exhibit the other oddities in his character that had caused problems at other jobs. Skeletons in the Closet Things were going great for the couple until October when Swango decided to join the American Medical Association. The AMA did a thorough background check and because of his convictions, they decided to turn it over to the council on ethical and judicial affairs. Someone from AMA then contacted their friend, the dean of the University of South Dakota medical school, and informed him of all of the skeletons in Swangos closet, including the suspicions surrounding the death of several patients. Then on the same evening, The Justice Files television program aired the 20/20 interview that Swango had given while he was in prison. Swangos dream of working as a doctor again was over. He was asked to resign. As for Kristen, she was in shock. She was completely ignorant of Swangos true past until she watched a tape of the 20/20 interview in Dr. Schultz office on the day Swango was being questioned. In the following months, Kristen began to suffer from violent headaches. She no longer smiled and began to withdraw from her friends at work. At one point, she was placed in a psychiatric hospital after the police found her wandering in the street, nude and confused. Finally, in April 1993, unable to take it anymore, she left Swango and returned to Virginia. Soon after leaving, her migraines went away. However, just a few weeks later, Swango showed up on her doorstep in Virginia and the two were back together. With his confidence restored, Swango began sending out new applications to medical schools. Stony Brook School of Medicine Incredibly, Swango lied his way into the psychiatric residency program at the State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine. He relocated, leaving Kristen in Virginia, and began his first rotation in the internal medicine department at the VA Medical Center in Northport, New York. Again, patients began to mysteriously die wherever Swango worked. Suicide Kristen and Swango had been apart for four months, although they continued to talk on the phone. During the last conversation that they had, Kristen learned that Swango had emptied out her checking account. The next day, July 15, 1993, Kristen committed suicide by shooting herself in the chest. A Mothers Revenge Kristens mother, Sharon Cooper, hated Swango and blamed him for her daughters suicide. She found it inconceivable that he was working at a hospital again. She knew the only way he got in was by lying and she decided to do something about it. She contacted a friend of Kristens who was a nurse in South Dakota and included his full address in the letter stating that she was glad that he could not hurt Kristen anymore, but she was afraid of where he was working now. Kristens friend clearly understood the message and immediately passed along the information to the right person who contacted the dean of the medical school at Stony Brook, Jordan Cohen. Almost immediately Swango was fired. To try to prevent another medical facility from being duped by Swango, Cohen sent letters to all the medical schools and over 1,000 teaching hospitals in the country, warning them about Swangos past and his sneaky tactics to gain admission. Here Come the Feds After being fired from the VA hospital, Swango seemingly went underground. The FBI was on the hunt for him for falsifying his credentials in order to get a job in a VA facility. It was not until July 1994 that he resurfaced. This time he was working as Jack Kirk for a company in Atlanta called Photocircuits. It was a wastewater treatment facility and frighteningly, Swango had direct access to Atlantas water supply. Fearing Swangos obsession over mass killings, the FBI contacted Photocircuits and Swango was immediately fired for lying on his job application. At that point, Swango seemed to vanish, leaving behind a warrant for his arrest issued by the FBI. Africa Swango was smart enough to realize that his best move was to get out of the country. He sent his application and altered references to an agency called Options, which helps American doctors find work in foreign countries. In November 1994, the Lutheran church hired Swango after obtaining his application and falsified recommendations through Options. He was to go to a remote area of Zimbabwe. The hospital director, Dr. Christopher Zshiri, was thrilled to have an American doctor join the hospital, but once Swango began working it became apparent that he was untrained to perform some very basic procedures. It was decided that he would go to one of the sister hospitals and train for five months, and then return to Mnene Hospital to work. For the first five months in Zimbabwe, Swango received glowing reviews and almost everyone on the medical staff admired his dedication and hard work. But when he returned to Mnene after his training, his attitude was different. He no longer seemed interested in the hospital or his patients. People whispered about how lazy and rude he had become. Once again, patients began mysteriously dying. Some of the patients that survived had a clear recall about Swango coming to their rooms and giving them injections right before they went into convulsions. A handful of nurses also admitted to seeing Swango near patients just minutes before they died. Dr. Zshiri contacted the police and a search of Swangos cottage turned up hundreds of various drugs and poisons. On October 13, 1995, he was handed a termination letter and he had a week to vacate hospital property. For the next year and a half, Swango continued his stay in Zimbabwe while his lawyer worked to have his position at the Mnene hospital restored and his license to practice medicine in Zimbabwe reinstated. He eventually fled Zimbabwe to Zambia when evidence of his guilt began to surface. Busted On June 27, 1997, Swango entered the U.S. at the Chicago-OHare airport while in route to the Royal Hospital in Dhahran in Saudi Arabia. He was promptly arrested by immigration officials and held in prison in New York to await his trial. A year later Swango pleaded guilty to defrauding the government and he was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. In July 2000, just days before he was to be released, federal authorities charged Swango with one count of assault, three counts of murder, three counts of making false statements, one count of defrauding by use of wires, and mail fraud. In the meantime, Zimbabwe was fighting to have Swango extradited to Africa to face five counts of murder. Swango pleaded not guilty, but fearing that he could be facing the death penalty on being handed over to the Zimbabwe authorities, he decided to change his plea to guilty of murder and fraud. Michael Swango received three consecutive life sentences. He is currently serving his time at the supermax U.S. Penitentiary, Florence ADX.